The joint effects of planetary β, topography and friction on baroclinic instability in a two-layer quasi-geostrophic model

Sterl, Miriam F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8453-2239; Palóczy, André ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8231-8298; Groeskamp, Sjoerd ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7898-3030; Baatsen, Michiel L. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0123-7005; LaCasce, Joseph H. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7655-5596; Isachsen, Pål Erik ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1249-3052. 2025 The joint effects of planetary $ \boldsymbol{\beta} $ , topography and friction on baroclinic instability in a two-layer quasi-geostrophic model. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1012. 10.1017/jfm.2025.10172